Signs and Symptoms
Persistent coughing, coughing up blood, chest pains, shortness of breath, weight loss, fatigue, and recurring lung infections can all be potential signs of lung cancer. These symptoms do not necessarily mean that a person has lung cancer but should be discussed with a doctor, especially if they persist or worsen over time. Early detection is key to successful treatment, so it’s important to see a doctor if any of these symptoms arise.
Diagnostic Tests
If symptoms are present or a person is considered high risk due to risk factors like smoking history or exposure to radon gas or asbestos, a doctor will conduct tests to determine if cancer is present. Initial tests may include a chest x-ray, CT scan, needle biopsy, bronchoscopy or sputum cytology exam to view cells from mucus coughed up. More invasive tests done through surgery may also be necessary to positively diagnose lung cancer and determine its type and stage.
Screening Guidelines for At-Risk Individuals
Getting screened is one of the most effective ways to find lung cancer early when it may be easier to treat. The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force currently recommends annual screening for current and former smokers who meet the following criteria:
- Age 55-80 years old
- In good health, meaning able to have lung surgery if cancer is found
- Smoked at least 30 “pack-years” in their lifetime
- Still smoke or quit within the last 15 years
Lung Cancer Diagnostic And Screening a low-dose CT scan that makes detailed pictures of the lungs. Screening finds lung cancers at an earlier stage in about 20% of high-risk people screened. Early detection saves lives by increasing treatment options and the chance of survival. Consult with a healthcare provider to determine if lung cancer screening is right for you based on risk factors and health history.
Types and Stages of Lung Cancer
There are two main types of lung cancer – non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and small cell lung cancer (SCLC) – that are diagnosed and treated differently. NSCLC accounts for about 80-85% of all lung cancers while SCLC is less common. Stage refers to how much the cancer has spread and determines available treatment approaches. Stages range from Stage 0 non-invasive cancer to Stage IV cancer that has metastasized to other parts of the body. Accurately staging lung cancer helps doctors choose the best treatment plan.
Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Treatment Options
Surgery to remove part or all of a lung is often the top treatment option for early-stage NSCLC. Types of surgery include lobectomy, pneumonectomy, and wedge resection. For cancers detected at a later stage, chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy may be recommended before or after surgery. Targeted drug therapies that block cancer cell growth mechanisms are also a key part of advanced NSCLC treatment. Treatment is tailored based on cancer characteristics, stage, and the person's overall health and preferences.
Small Cell Lung Cancer Treatment Approaches
SCLC is considered a limited stage if the cancer is located in one lung or nearby areas or an extensive stage if it has spread further. Chemotherapy with drugs like etoposide, carboplatin, or cisplatin is the standard first-line treatment for both early and advanced SCLC. Many people also receive radiation therapy to better control the disease, especially for limited stage SCLC. Immunotherapy or targeted drug therapies may be options if the cancer returns after initial treatment. Managing side effects and symptoms from treatment is also important.
Survivorship and Follow Up Care
Treatment for lung cancer does not end once active treatment concludes. Lifelong follow up is required to watch for cancer recurrence or spread. Survivors need check-ups every 3-6 months for the first few years after diagnosis and then annually. Screening continues as well for those at high risk of secondary lung cancers. Managing long-term side effects from treatment is also key. Support groups and pulmonary rehabilitation programs can help survivors adjust to life after lung cancer. Early detection and treatment coupled with vigilant follow up represents the best chance for survival and quality of life.
Lung cancer diagnosis and screening have come a long way but it remains a leading cause of cancer death. Using diagnostic tools to identify cancer early combined with staging and selecting an effective treatment plan give patients the greatest chances of survival or long-term remission. High-risk individuals should discuss screening options with their doctor. Continued education about signs, risk factors, treatment advances and the value of screening aims to detect more lung cancers at curable stages and improve outcomes and quality of life for survivors of this deadly disease.
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